1)
Read
the text and answer the multiple-choice question by selecting all the correct
responses. You will need to select more than one response.
Most stones have capillary
passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultradry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which
promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along cracks or other
openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available.
Like tree roots breaking a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressures on
the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as
banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, preexisting or
incipient fractures, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals
or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals by heating
and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional
stresses. A rock durable enough to have served as your great, great, ever so
great grandfather's tombstone could probably be shattered into small pieces by
salt weathering within a few generations.
According to passage, which of the
following is NOT TRUE about the effects of salts on rocks?
Only
two types of salts cause prying and wedging.
Salts
usually cause damage only in combination with ice.
A
variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.
Salt
damage at the seashore is more severe than sale damage in Death Valley.
A rock strong enough to have withstood natural conditions for a
very long time could be broken apart by salt weathering.
2)
Read
the text and answer the multiple-choice question by selecting all the correct
responses. You will need to select more than one response.
This
is a general consensus among mainstream anthropologist that human first emerged
in Africa about two million years ago. Since then they have spread throughout
the world, successfully adapting to widely differing conditions and to periodic
cataclysmic changes in local and global climate. The many separate societies
that emerged around the globe differed markedly from each other and many of
these differences persist to this day. As well as the more obvious cultural
differences that exist between peoples, such as language, dress and traditions,
there are also significant variations in the way societies organise
themselves, in their shared moral values, and in the ways they interact with
their environment. It is debatable whether these differences are merely
incidental artefacts arising from patterns of human
migration or whether they represent an evolutionary trait that is key to our success as a species.
According to the passage,
which of the following statements are true?
A
lot of the differences between separate societies are still found until these
days.
The
differences mentioned in the paragraph are rooted from an evolutionary trait.
Incidental
artefacts arising from patterns of human migration are the main reason causing the differences between separate
societies.
Many
anthropologists believe that human first appear in Africa million years ago.
There
are various differences exist between peoples in terms of culture, moral
values, environmental interaction and social structures.
3)
Read
the text and answer the multiple-choice question by selecting all the correct
responses. You will need to select more than one response.
Sign
languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilize the same
grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. Moreover, there are
many different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such language was
documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were
isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for
the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the
classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using
the gestures that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used
the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children
who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already around,
developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs
of the older children, the younger children’s language was more fluid and
compact, and it utilized a large range of grammatical devices to clarify
meaning. What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was born.
What information about
Nicaraguan sign language is true?
The language has been created since 1979
The
language is based on speech and lip reading.
The
language incorporates signs which children used at home.
The
language was perfected by younger children.
The
younger children’s language was less close-packed
4)
Read
the text and answer the multiple-choice question by selecting all the correct
responses. You will need to select more than one response.
Although
leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades
of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any
category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal
qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be
recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that
particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single
leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership
roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is
leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group
members look to instrumental leaders to get things done. Expressive leadership,
on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a
social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall
goals of the group then with providing emotional support to group members and
attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members
expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and
provide support to individual members.
Which of the following
statements about leadership can be inferred from the passage?
A
person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective
leader in another group.
Few
people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
A
person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on
leadership.
Instrumental
leadership are more concerned with the targets of the
group than with supporting emotionally to group members.
Most
people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their
qualifications.